![]() ![]() Evidence also indicates that it may increase muscular coordination and proprioception. Furthermore, dynamic stretching has been shown to increase heart rate and both core and muscle temperature, decrease the viscous resistance of muscles and induce a transient improvement in muscular contractility. the maximum force tolerated during stretch) as well as reduce musculotendinous stiffness. Such activities may increase joint ROM and stretch tolerance (i.e. Īctive warm-up activities (such as dynamic stretching, consisting of agonist muscle contractions to move the joint through a full active ROM and stretching the antagonist muscle ) are also commonly implemented in pre-exercise routines. Whilst it has been suggested that peripheral (muscular) adaptations such as reductions in musculotendinous stiffness might underpin the changes in muscle function, some evidence indicates that acute changes at multiple sites within the central nervous system (supra-spinal, spinal) are more critical. It usually involves moving a limb to its end range of motion (ROM) and holding this stretched position for several seconds, and has been demonstrated to be an effective method of increasing ROM about a joint, which may also acutely impair muscle function. Static stretching (SS) is traditionally incorporated into pre-exercise routines in rehabilitation and sporting environments. These findings indicate the presence of facilitation of the corticospinal pathway without change in muscle function after both static stretching (particularly) and dynamic muscle activity. On the other hand, spinal excitability (H max/M max), cSP duration, muscle activation (EMG/M max) as well as maximal voluntary and evoked torque remained unaltered after all pre-exercise interventions. ![]() Corticospinal excitability (MEP/M max) was significantly enhanced after static stretching in soleus (P = 0.001 ES = 0.54) and gastrocnemius lateralis (P<0.001 ES = 0.64), and after dynamic muscle activity in gastrocnemius lateralis (P = 0.003 ES = 0.53) only. These parameters were measured immediately before and 10 s after each conditioning activity of plantar flexors. Finally, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque and the corresponding electromyography (EMG) from soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis were recorded. These measurements were performed with a background 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Peripheral nerve stimulation was applied to investigate (i) spinal excitability using the Hoffmann reflex (H max), and (ii) neuromuscular properties using the amplitude of the maximal M-wave (M max) and corresponding peak twitch torque. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to investigate corticospinal excitability by recording the amplitude of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) and the duration of the cortical silent period (cSP). Fifteen volunteers were randomly tested on separate days. For that reason, this study examined the acute effects of 5×20 s of static stretching, dynamic muscle activity and a control condition on spinal excitability, corticospinal excitability and plantar flexor neuromuscular properties. Even though the acute effects of pre-exercise static stretching and dynamic muscle activity on muscular and functional performance have been largely investigated, their effects on the corticospinal pathway are still unclear. ![]()
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